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    <title>第四章 信息系统管理</title>
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        <!-- 4.1 管理方法 -->
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            <div class="node" data-target="section4_1">
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                    <span>4.1 管理方法</span>
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            <div id="section4_1" class="hidden content-scrollable">
                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_1_1">
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                        <span>1.1 管理基础</span>
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                <div id="subsection4_1_1" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode">信息系统管理的作用：是一张业务运行工作</div>
                    <div class="subsubnode">层次结构：信息系统四要素（人员、技术、流程、数据）</div>
                    <div class="subsubnode">系统管理覆盖的四大领域：规划和组织、设计和实施、运维和服务、优化和持续改进</div>
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                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_1_2">
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                        <span>1.2 规划和组织</span>
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                    <div class="subsubnode">目标：通过实施具备一致性的管理方法满足业务要求</div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_1_2_1">
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                            <span>规划模型</span>
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                    <div id="subsubsection4_1_2_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">战略是实现目标、意图和目的的一组协调行动</div>
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                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_1_2_2">
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                            <span>组织模型</span>
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                    <div id="subsubsection4_1_2_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">信息系统战略三角（业务战略、信息系统战略、组织机制战略）</div>
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                        <span>1.3 设计和实施</span>
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                            <span>设计方法</span>
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                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_1_3_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">从战略到系统架构</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">从系统架构到系统设计</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">转换框架</div>
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                            <span>架构模式</span>
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                                <span>集中式架构</span>
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                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">采用集中建设，通常部署于数据中心</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">描述：大型中央计算机系统处理系统的所有功能</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">别称：主机架构</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">适用场景：系统易于管理时，业务高度集中时</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_3_2_2">
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                                <span>分布式架构</span>
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                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">部署方式是在多台小型机、服务器和设备之间分配处理能力和应用功能</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">描述：计算能力分散在许多设备中</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">别称：基于服务器的架构</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">适用场景：非集中化时</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_3_2_3">
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                                <span>面向服务的系统架构 SOA</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_3_2_3" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">SOA 架构中使用的软件通常被引向软件即服务 SaaS 的相关架构，Web 服务</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">描述：将较大的软件程序分解为互相连接的服务</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">别称：基于 Web 的架构</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">适用场景：希望系统为敏捷架构时，可重用性和组件化</div>
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                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_1_4">
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                        <span>1.4 运维和服务</span>
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                            <span>运行管理和控制</span>
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                                <span>IT 服务管理</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">通过主动管理和流程的持续改进的一组活动</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">包括：服务台、事件管理、问题管理、变更管理、配置管理、发布管理、服务级别管理、财务管理、容量管理、服务连续性管理和可用性管理</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_2">
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                                <span>运行与监控</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_2" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">按计划执行作业</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">监控作业，按优先级分配</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">重新启动失败的作业和进程</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">变更备份介质</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">具备足够的性能</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">实施空闲期维护活动</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_3">
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                                <span>终端侧管理</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_3" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">具体操作和管理内容</div>
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                                <span>程序库管理</span>
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                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">程序库的管理流程和方法</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_5">
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                                <span>安全管理</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_5" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">安全策略的制定与执行</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_6">
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                                <span>介质控制</span>
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                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">介质的管理与控制措施</div>
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                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_4_1_7">
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                                <span>数据管理</span>
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                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">数据的存储、备份、恢复等管理操作</div>
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                        <span>1.5 优化和持续改进</span>
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                            <span>戴明环（PDCA 循环）</span>
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                    <div id="subsubsection4_1_5_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">Plan（计划）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">Do（执行）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">Check（检查）</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">定义阶段</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">度量阶段</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">分析阶段</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">改进、设计阶段</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">控制、验证阶段</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_1_5_2">
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                            <span>六西格玛倡导的五阶段方法</span>
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                                <span>定义</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">目标包括待优化信息系统定义、核心流程定义和团队组建</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_2">
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                                <span>度量</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_2" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">目标包括流程定义、指标定义、流程基线、度量系统分析</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_3">
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                                <span>分析</span>
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                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_3" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">目标包括价值流分析、信息系统异常的源头分析、确定优化改进的驱动因素</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_4">
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                                <span>改进 / 设计</span>
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                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_4" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">向发起人提出一个或多个解决方案；量化每种方法的收益；就解决方案达成共识并实施</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">定义新的操作 / 设计条件</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">为新工艺 / 设计提供定义和缓解故障模式</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_5">
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                                <span>控制 / 验证</span>
                                <span class="icon">▼</span>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_1_5_2_5" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">标准化新程序 / 新系统功能的操作控制要素</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">持续验证优化的信息系统的可交付成果</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">记录经验教训</div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
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        <!-- 4.2 管理要点 -->
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                    <span>4.2 管理要点</span>
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            <div id="section4_2" class="hidden content-scrollable">
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                        <span>2.1 主要任务</span>
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                    <div class="subsubnode">数据管理</div>
                    <div class="subsubnode">运维管理</div>
                    <div class="subsubnode">信息安全管理</div>
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                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_2_2">
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                        <span>2.2 数据管理</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection4_2_2" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_2_1">
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                            <span>数据管理能力成熟度评估模型 DCMM</span>
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                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_2_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">定义：利用数据管理理念和方法，建立和评价自身数据管理能力，促进组织向信息化、数字化、智能化方面的价值</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1">
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                                <span>核心能力域</span>
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                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_1">
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                                    <span>数据战略</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_1" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据战略规划</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据战略实施</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据战略评估</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_2">
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                                    <span>数据治理</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_2" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据治理组织</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据制度建设</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据治理沟通</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_3">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据架构</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_3" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据模型</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据分布</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据集成与共享</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">元数据管理</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_4">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据应用</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_4" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据分析</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据开放共享</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据服务</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_5">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据安全</span>
                                    <span class="icon">▼</span>
                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_5" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">安全策略</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据安全管理</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据安全审计</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_6">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据质量</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_6" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">质量需求</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据质量检查</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据质量分析</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据质量提升</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_7">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据标准</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_7" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">业务术语：业务概念的描述。业务术语数据管理就是制定统一的管理制度和流程</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">参考数据和主数据：将其他数据进行分类的数据</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据元：核心数据元的标准化，使数据的拥有者和使用者对数据有一致的理解</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">指标数据：经营分析过程中衡量某一个目标或事物的数据</div>
                            </div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_8">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubnode-content">
                                    <span>数据生存周期</span>
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                                </div>
                            </div>
                            <div id="subsubsubsubsubnode4_2_2_1_1_8" class="hidden">
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据需求</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据设计和开发</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据运维</div>
                                <div class="subsubsubsubsubnode">数据退役</div>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_2_2">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>国内外常用的数据管理模型</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_2_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_2_2_2_1">
                            <div class="subsubsubnode-content">
                                <span>数据管理能力成熟度模型 DCMM</span>
                                <span class="icon">▼</span>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_2_2_2_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">成熟度划分</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">初始级：被动式管理</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">受管理级：数据是资产；制定流程；初步管理</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">稳健级：重要资产；标准化流程</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">量化管理级：重要资源；量化分析</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">优化级：生存和发展的基础；实时优化；最佳实践</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据治理框架 DGI</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据管理能力评价模型 DCAM</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">数据管理模型 DAMA</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_2_3">
                    <div class="subnode-content">
                        <span>2.3 运维管理</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection4_2_3" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_3_1">
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                            <span>IT 运维</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_3_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">是组织 IT 服务中关键的一种类型</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_3_2">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>能力模型</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_3_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_2_3_2_1">
                            <div class="subsubsubnode-content">
                                <span>国家标准 GB/T28827.1《信息技术服务运行维护 第 1 部分通用要求》</span>
                                <span class="icon">▼</span>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_2_3_2_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">运维能力模型包括治理要求、运行维护服务能力体系、价值实现</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">四个关键指标</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人员：选人做事</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">过程：正确做事</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">资源：保障做事</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">技术：高效做事</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_3_3">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>能力建设</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_3_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">人员能力</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">资源能力</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">技术能力</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">过程</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_3_4">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>智能运维</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_3_4" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode" data-target="subsubsubsubnode4_2_3_4_1">
                            <div class="subsubsubnode-content">
                                <span>T/CESA 1172《信息技术服务职能运维通用要求》</span>
                                <span class="icon">▼</span>
                            </div>
                        </div>
                        <div id="subsubsubsubnode4_2_3_4_1" class="hidden">
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">智能运维能力框架</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">组织治理：组织战略、管理方针、组织架构、组织文化、相关方需求和期望</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">智能运维场景实现：场景分析、场景构建、场景交付、效果评估</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">能力要素：人员、技术、过程、数据、算法、资源、知识</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">能力平台</div>
                            <div class="subsubsubsubnode">能力应用：场景分析、能力构建、服务交付、迭代调优</div>
                        </div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">智能运维智能特征：能感知、会描述、自学习、会诊断、可决策、自执行、自适应</div>
                    </div>
                </div>

                <div class="subnode" data-target="subsection4_2_4">
                    <div class="subnode-content">
                        <span>2.4 信息安全管理</span>
                        <span class="icon">▼</span>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div id="subsection4_2_4" class="hidden">
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_4_1">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>CIA 三要素</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_4_1" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">保密性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">完整性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">可用性</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">CIA 是系统安全设计的目标</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_4_2">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>信息安全管理体系</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_4_2" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">信息安全管理体系的构建与实施</div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="subsubnode" data-target="subsubsection4_2_4_3">
                        <div class="subsubnode-content">
                            <span>网络安全等级保护</span>
                            <span class="icon">▼</span>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                    <div id="subsubsection4_2_4_3" class="hidden">
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">GB/T22240《信息安全技术网络安全等级保护定级指南》</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">等级保护对象的安全保护等级分为五级</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">第一级：不危害国家、社会、公共</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">第二级：不危害国家安全</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">第三级：公共利益严重危害，国家安全造成危害</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">第四级：对国家造成严重危害</div>
                        <div class="subsubsubnode">第五级：对国家造成特别严重危害</div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
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